Genetic loci on maize chromosomes 3 and 4 that are associated with fusarium ear mold resistance

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to methods and compositions for identifying and selecting maize plants with enhanced resistance to  Fusarium  ear mold. Maize plants generated by the methods of the invention are also a feature of the invention.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/298,233, filed Jan. 26, 2010, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to compositions and methods useful in enhancing resistance to Fusarium ear mold in maize plants.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fusarium ear mold (also referred to as Fusarium ear rot) is a devastating disease of maize caused by species of the Gibberella fuijkuroi complex, namely F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and/or F. subglutinans. It is predominantly found in the southeastern United States, southern Europe, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, and South Africa, and affects both grain yield and quality. Fusarium ear mold can also result in contamination by several mycotoxins, including fumonisins (FUM), moniliformin (MON), and/or beauvericin, which appear to cause a number of human and animal diseases. Fumonisins, e.g., are linked to several animal toxicoses including leukoencephalomalacia (Marasas et al. (1988) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 55:197-204; Wilson et al. (1990) American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians: Abstracts 33rd Annual Meeting, Denver, Colo., Madison, Wis., USA) and porcine pulmonary edema (Colvin et al. (1992) Mycopathologia 117:79-82). Fumonisins are also suspected carcinogens (Geary et al. (1971) Coord. Chem. Rev. 7:81; Gelderblom et al. (1991) Carcinogenesis 12:1247-1251; Gelderblom et al. (1992) Carcinogenesis 13:433-437) and have been linked to birth defects in humans (Missmer et al. (2006) Environ Health perspect 114:237-41).

The use of phenotypic selection to introgress Fusarium ear mold resistance into susceptible lines is time consuming and difficult, and since Fusarium ear mold is sensitive to environmental conditions, selection for resistance from year to year based solely on phenotype has proven unreliable. In addition, specialized disease screening sites can be costly to operate, and plants must be grown to maturity in order to classify the level of resistance or susceptibility.

Selection through the use of molecular markers associated with Fusarium ear mold resistance, however, has the advantage of permitting at least some selection based solely on the genetic composition of the progeny. Moreover, resistance to Fusarium ear mold can be determined very early on in the plant life cycle, even as early as the seed stage. The increased rate of selection that can be obtained through the use of molecular markers associated with the Fusarium ear mold resistance trait means that plant breeding for Fusarium ear mold resistance can occur more rapidly, thereby generating commercially acceptable resistant plants in a relatively short amount of time. Thus, it is desirable to provide compositions and methods for identifying and selecting maize plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.

Some instances of genetic resistance to Fusarium ear mold have been reported (Perez-Brito et al. (2001) Agrociencia 35:181-196; Ali et al. (2005) Genome 48:521-533; Robertson-Hoyt et al. (2006)Crop Sci. 46:1734-1743; Zhang et al. (2005) J Appl Genet 47:9-15; Robertson-Hoyt et al. (2007) Phytopathology 97:311-317; Ding et al. (2008) Mol Breeding 22:395-403).

SUMMARY

Compositions and methods for identifying and selecting maize plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold are provided.

In one embodiment, methods of selecting a maize plant with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold are provided. In these methods, the presence of at least one marker allele is detected in a maize plant. The marker allele can include any marker allele that is linked to and associated with any of the following marker alleles: a “C” at PHM12209.11, a “T” at PHM12209.20, a “C” at PHM12209.21, a “G” at PHM12209.22, a “C” at PHM12209.23, an “A” at PHM9905.11, a “T” at PHM9905.13, a “G” at PHM9905.35, a “T” at PHM2204.88, an “A” at PHM2204.105, a “C” at PHM13926.25, a “G” at PHM13926.27, a “G” at PHM13926.28, a “G” at PHM13926.32, a “C” at PHM10892.3, a “G” at PHM939.47, and an “A” at PHM939.48. A maize plant that has the marker allele linked to and associated with any of the marker alleles listed above is then selected.

In other embodiments, the marker allele can be linked to any of the following marker alleles: a “C” at PHM12209.11, a “T” at PHM12209.20, a “C” at PHM12209.21, a “G” at PHM12209.22, a “C” at PHM12209.23, an “A” at PHM9905.11, a “T” at PHM9905.13, a “G” at PHM9905.35, a “T” at PHM2204.88, an “A” at PHM2204.105, a “C” at PHM13926.25, a “G” at PHM13926.27, a “G” at PHM13926.28, a “G” at PHM13926.32, a “C” at PHM10892.3, a “G” at PHM939.47, and an “A” at PHM939.48 by 30 cM, 25, 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, or 0.1 cM based on a single meiosis map.

In another embodiment, methods of selecting a maize plant with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold are provided. In these methods, the presence of at least one marker allele is detected in a maize plant. The marker allele can be any of the following marker alleles: a “C” at PHM12209.11, a “T” at PHM12209.20, a “C” at PHM12209.21, a “G” at PHM12209.22, a “C” at PHM12209.23, an “A” at PHM9905.11, a “T” at PHM9905.13, a “G” at PHM9905.35, a “T” at PHM2204.88, an “A” at PHM2204.105, a “C” at PHM13926.25, a “G” at PHM13926.27, a “G” at PHM13926.28, a “G” at PHM13926.32, a “C” at PHM10892.3, a “G” at PHM939.47, and an “A” at PHM939.48. A maize plant that has at least one of the marker alleles listed above is then selected.

In another embodiment, methods for identifying maize plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold by detecting a marker locus in a maize plant using the sequence of the marker locus, a portion of the sequence of the marker locus, or a complement of the sequence of the marker locus, or of a portion thereof, as a marker probe, are provided. In these methods, the marker probe hybridizes under stringent conditions to the contiguous DNA between and including SEQ ID NO:1, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, and SEQ ID NO:7, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:7 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, and the marker locus comprises at least one allele that is associated with the enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold. Maize plants that have at least one allele associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold are then selected.

In another embodiment, methods for selecting maize plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold by detecting at least one marker locus in a first maize plant, crossing the first maize plant to a second maize plant, evaluating the progeny at the at least one marker locus, and selecting the progeny plants that have the same allele at the at least one marker locus as the first maize plant, are provided. The marker locus can be detected using the sequence of the marker locus, a portion of the sequence of the marker locus, or a complement of the sequence of the marker locus, or of a portion thereof, as a marker probe. The marker probe hybridizes under stringent conditions to the contiguous DNA between and including SEQ ID NO:1, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, and SEQ ID NO:7, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:7 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, and the marker locus comprises at least one allele that is associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.

In another embodiment, methods for identifying maize plants with enhanced to resistance to Fusarium ear mold by detecting a marker locus in a maize plant using the sequence of the marker locus, a portion of the sequence of the marker locus, or a complement of the sequence of the marker locus, or of a portion thereof, as a marker probe, are provided. In these methods, the marker probe hybridizes under stringent conditions to the contiguous DNA between and including SEQ ID NO:10, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:10 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, and SEQ ID NO:22, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:22 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, and the marker locus comprises at least one allele that is associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold. Maize plants that have at least one allele associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold are then selected.

In another embodiment, methods for selecting maize plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold by detecting at least one marker locus in a first maize plant, crossing the first maize plant to a second maize plant, evaluating the progeny at the at least one marker locus, and selecting the progeny plants that have the same allele at the at least one marker locus as the first maize plant, are provided. The marker locus can be detected using the sequence of the marker locus, a portion of the sequence of the marker locus, or a complement of the sequence of the marker locus, or of a portion thereof, as a marker probe. The marker probe hybridizes under stringent conditions to the contiguous DNA between and including SEQ ID NO:10, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:10 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, and SEQ ID NO:22, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:22 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, and the marker locus comprises at least one allele that is associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.

In another embodiment, methods for identifying maize plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold by detecting at least one marker allele associated with the enhanced resistance in the maize plant are provided. The marker locus can be selected from any of the following marker loci: PHM12969, PHM1695, PHM12209, PHM2204, PHM9905, PHM13926, PHM10091, and PHM18211, as well as any other marker that is linked to these markers, and the marker locus can be found within the interval on chromosome 3 comprising and flanked by PHM12969 and PHM18211. The marker locus comprises at least one allele that is associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.

In another embodiment, methods of selecting maize plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold are provided. In one aspect, a first maize plant is obtained that has at least one allele of a marker locus wherein the allele is associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold. The marker locus can be found within the interval on chromosome 3 comprising and flanked by PHM12969 and PHM18211. The first maize plant can then be crossed to a second maize plant, and the progeny plants resulting from the cross can be evaluated for the allele of the first maize plant. Progeny plants that possess the allele of the first maize plant can be selected as having enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.

In another embodiment, methods for identifying maize plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold by detecting at least one marker allele associated with the enhanced resistance in the maize plant are provided. The marker locus can be selected from any of the following marker loci: PHM2015, PHM10326, PHM497, PHM4483, PHM5273, PHM939, PHM10892, PHM9363, PHM18162, PHM9942, PHM5247, PHM3985, PHM6226, and PHM10262, as well as any other marker that is linked to these markers, and the marker locus can be found within the interval on chromosome 4 comprising and flanked by PHM10892 and PHM10262. The marker locus comprises at least one allele that is associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.

In another embodiment, methods of selecting maize plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold are provided. In one aspect, a first maize plant is obtained that has at least one allele of a marker locus wherein the allele is associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold. The marker locus can be found within the chromosomal interval comprising and flanked by PHM10892 and PHM10262. The first maize plant can be crossed to a second maize plant, and the progeny plants resulting from the cross can be evaluated for the allele of the first maize plant. Progeny plants that possess the allele of the first maize plant can be selected as having enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.

In another embodiment, methods for identifying maize plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold by detecting alleles at two separate marker loci are provided. The first marker locus is located within an interval on chromosome 3 comprising and flanked by PHM12969 and PHM18211, and the second marker locus is located within an interval on chromosome 4 comprising and flanked by PHM10892 and PHM10262. Each marker locus comprises at least one allele that is associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.

In another embodiment, methods of selecting maize plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold are provided. In one aspect, a first maize plant is obtained that has at least one allele of a first marker locus and at least one allele of second marker locus. The first marker locus is located within an interval on chromosome 3 comprising and flanked by PHM12969 and PHM18211, and the second marker locus is located within an interval on chromosome 4 comprising and flanked by PHM10892 and PHM10262. The at least one allele of the first marker locus and the at least one allele of the second marker locus are eacg associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold. The first maize plant can be crossed to a second maize plant, and the progeny plants resulting from the cross can be evaluated for the alleles of the first maize plant. Progeny plants that possess the alleles of the first maize plant can be selected as having enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.

Maize plants identified and/or selected by any of the methods described herein are also of interest.

The plants can be in the “stiff stalk” heterotic group.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES AND SEQUENCE LISTINGS

The invention can be more fully understood from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings and Sequence Listing which form a part of this application. The Sequence Listing contains the one letter code for nucleotide sequence characters and the three letter codes for amino acids as defined in conformity with the IUPAC-IUBMB standards described in Nucleic Acids Research 13:3021-3030 (1985) and in the Biochemical Journal 219 (No. 2): 345-373 (1984), which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. The symbols and format used for nucleotide and amino acid sequence data comply with the rules set forth in 37 C.F.R. §1.822.

FIG. 1 shows the physical map arrangement of sequenced BACs (internally derived) on chromosome 3 that assemble to the region defined by and including PHM12969 (SEQ ID NO:1) and PHM18211 (SEQ ID NO:7). The positions of the PHM markers described herein are indicated.

FIG. 2 shows the physical map arrangement of sequenced BACs (internally derived) on chromosome 4 that assemble to the region defined by and including PHM10892 (SEQ ID NO:10) and PHM10262 (SEQ ID NO:22). The positions of the PHM markers described herein are indicated.

FIG. 3 shows an association analysis of a stiff stalk subpopulation, wherein chromosome 3 markers were tested for significance of association with Fusarium ear mold resistance. X axis: Distance expressed in cM on Chr. 3. Y axis: probability value. Markers on chromosome 3 that co-segregate with Fusarium ear mold resistance in the stiff stalk subpopulation at a p-level of ≦0.001 (the region defined by and including PHM12969 and PHM18211) are shown in the boxed region.

FIG. 4 shows an association analysis of a stiff stalk subpopulation, wherein chromosome 4 markers were tested for significance of association with Fusarium ear mold resistance. X axis: Distance expressed in cM on Chr. 4. Y axis: probability value. Markers on chromosome 4 that co-segregate with Fusarium ear mold resistance in the stiff stalk subpopulation at a p-level of ≦0.001 (the region defined by and including PHM10892 and PHM10262) are shown in the boxed region.

FIG. 5 shows the FUSERS scale used as a guide to score Fusarium ear mold infection.

SEQ ID NO:1 is the reference sequence for PHM12969.

SEQ ID NO:2 is the reference sequence for PHM2204.

SEQ ID NO:3 is the reference sequence for PHM9905.

SEQ ID NO:4 is the reference sequence for PHM12209.

SEQ ID NO:5 is the reference sequence for PHM13926.

SEQ ID NO:6 is the reference sequence for PHM10091.

SEQ ID NO:7 is the reference sequence for PHM18211.

SEQ ID NO:8 is the reference sequence for PHM1695.

SEQ ID NO:9 is the reference sequence for PHM939.

SEQ ID NO:10 is the reference sequence for PHM10892.

SEQ ID NO:11 is the reference sequence for PHM5273.

SEQ ID NO:12 is the reference sequence for PHM497.

SEQ ID NO:13 is the reference sequence for PHM4483.

SEQ ID NO:14 is the reference sequence for PHM2015.

SEQ ID NO:15 is the reference sequence for PHM10326.

SEQ ID NO:16 is the reference sequence for PHM9363.

SEQ ID NO:17 is the reference sequence for PHM18162.

SEQ ID NO:18 is the reference sequence for PHM9942.

SEQ ID NO:19 is the reference sequence for PHM5247.

SEQ ID NO:20 is the reference sequence for PHM3985.

SEQ ID NO:21 is the reference sequence for PHM6226.

SEQ ID NO:22 is the reference sequence for PHM10262.

SEQ ID NO:23 is the external forward primer for PHM12969.

SEQ ID NO:24 is the internal forward primer for PHM12969.

SEQ ID NO:25 is the internal reverse primer for PHM12969.

SEQ ID NO:26 is the external reverse primer for PHM12969.

SEQ ID NO:27 is the external forward primer for PHM2204.

SEQ ID NO:28 is the internal forward primer for PHM2204.

SEQ ID NO:29 is the internal reverse primer for PHM2204.

SEQ ID NO:30 is the external reverse primer for PHM2204.

SEQ ID NO:31 is the external forward primer for PHM9905.

SEQ ID NO:32 is the internal forward primer for PHM9905.

SEQ ID NO:33 is the internal reverse primer for PHM9905.

SEQ ID NO:34 is the external reverse primer for PHM9905.

SEQ ID NO:35 is the external forward primer for PHM12209.

SEQ ID NO:36 is the internal forward primer for PHM12209.

SEQ ID NO:37 is the internal reverse primer for PHM12209.

SEQ ID NO:38 is the external reverse primer for PHM12209.

SEQ ID NO:39 is the external forward primer for PHM13926.

SEQ ID NO:40 is the internal forward primer for PHM13926.

SEQ ID NO:41 is the internal reverse primer for PHM13926.

SEQ ID NO:42 is the external reverse primer for PHM13926.

SEQ ID NO:43 is the external forward primer for PHM10091.

SEQ ID NO:44 is the internal forward primer for PHM10091.

SEQ ID NO:45 is the internal reverse primer for PHM10091.

SEQ ID NO:46 is the external reverse primer for PHM10091.

SEQ ID NO:47 is the external forward primer for PHM18211.

SEQ ID NO:48 is the internal forward primer for PHM18211.

SEQ ID NO:49 is the internal reverse primer for PHM18211.

SEQ ID NO:50 is the external reverse primer for PHM18211.

SEQ ID NO:51 is the external forward primer for PHM1695.

SEQ ID NO:52 is the internal forward primer for PHM1695.

SEQ ID NO:53 is the internal reverse primer for PHM1695.

SEQ ID NO:54 is the external reverse primer for PHM1695.

SEQ ID NO:55 is the external forward primer for PHM939.

SEQ ID NO:56 is the internal forward primer for PHM939.

SEQ ID NO:57 is the internal reverse primer for PHM939.

SEQ ID NO:58 is the external reverse primer for PHM939.

SEQ ID NO:59 is the external forward primer for PHM10892.

SEQ ID NO:60 is the internal forward primer for PHM10892.

SEQ ID NO:61 is the internal reverse primer for PHM10892.

SEQ ID NO:62 is the external reverse primer for PHM10892.

SEQ ID NO:63 is the external forward primer for PHM5273.

SEQ ID NO:64 is the internal forward primer for PHM5273.

SEQ ID NO:65 is the internal reverse primer for PHM5273.

SEQ ID NO:66 is the external reverse primer for PHM5273.

SEQ ID NO:67 is the external forward primer for PHM497.

SEQ ID NO:68 is the internal forward primer for PHM497.

SEQ ID NO:69 is the internal reverse primer for PHM497.

SEQ ID NO:70 is the external reverse primer for PHM497.

SEQ ID NO:71 is the external forward primer for PHM4483.

SEQ ID NO:72 is the internal forward primer for PHM4483.

SEQ ID NO:73 is the internal reverse primer for PHM4483.

SEQ ID NO:74 is the external reverse primer for PHM4483.

SEQ ID NO:75 is the external forward primer for PHM2015.

SEQ ID NO:76 is the internal forward primer for PHM2015.

SEQ ID NO:77 is the internal reverse primer for PHM2015.

SEQ ID NO:78 is the external reverse primer for PHM2015.

SEQ ID NO:79 is the external forward primer for PHM10326.

SEQ ID NO:80 is the internal forward primer for PHM10326.

SEQ ID NO:81 is the internal reverse primer for PHM10326.

SEQ ID NO:82 is the external reverse primer for PHM10326.

SEQ ID NO:83 is the external forward primer for PHM9363.

SEQ ID NO:84 is the internal forward primer for PHM9363.

SEQ ID NO:85 is the internal reverse primer for PHM9363.

SEQ ID NO:86 is the external reverse primer for PHM9363.

SEQ ID NO:87 is the external forward primer for PHM18162.

SEQ ID NO:88 is the internal forward primer for PHM18162.

SEQ ID NO:89 is the internal reverse primer for PHM18162.

SEQ ID NO:90 is the external reverse primer for PHM18162.

SEQ ID NO:91 is the external forward primer for PHM9942.

SEQ ID NO:92 is the internal forward primer for PHM9942.

SEQ ID NO:93 is the internal reverse primer for PHM9942.

SEQ ID NO:94 is the external reverse primer for PHM9942.

SEQ ID NO:95 is the external forward primer for PHM5247.

SEQ ID NO:96 is the internal forward primer for PHM5247.

SEQ ID NO:97 is the internal reverse primer for PHM5247.

SEQ ID NO:98 is the external reverse primer for PHM5247.

SEQ ID NO:99 is the external forward primer for PHM3985.

SEQ ID NO:100 is the internal forward primer for PHM3985.

SEQ ID NO:101 is the internal reverse primer for PHM3985.

SEQ ID NO:102 is the external reverse primer for PHM3985.

SEQ ID NO:103 is the external forward primer for PHM6226.

SEQ ID NO:104 is the internal forward primer for PHM6226.

SEQ ID NO:105 is the internal reverse primer for PHM6226.

SEQ ID NO:106 is the external reverse primer for PHM6226.

SEQ ID NO:107 is the external forward primer for PHM10262.

SEQ ID NO:108 is the internal forward primer for PHM10262.

SEQ ID NO:109 is the internal reverse primer for PHM10262.

SEQ ID NO:110 is the external reverse primer for PHM10262.

SEQ ID NO:111 is primer 1 of marker PHM12209-20-U.

SEQ ID NO:112 is primer 2 of marker PHM12209-20-U.

SEQ ID NO:113 is probe 1 of marker PHM12209-20-U.

SEQ ID NO:114 is probe 2 of marker PHM12209-20-U.

SEQ ID NO:115 is primer 1 of marker PHM12209-21-U.

SEQ ID NO:116 is primer 2 of marker PHM12209-21-U.

SEQ ID NO:117 is probe 1 of marker PHM12209-21-U.

SEQ ID NO:118 is probe 2 of marker PHM12209-21-U.

SEQ ID NO:119 is primer 1 of marker PHM12209-23-U.

SEQ ID NO:120 is primer 2 of marker PHM12209-23-U.

SEQ ID NO:121 is probe 1 of marker PHM12209-23-U.

SEQ ID NO:122 is probe 2 of marker PHM12209-23-U.

SEQ ID NO:123 is primer 1 of marker PHM10892-3-U.

SEQ ID NO:124 is primer 2 of marker PHM10892-3-U.

SEQ ID NO:125 is probe 1 of marker PHM10892-3-U.

SEQ ID NO:126 is probe 2 of marker PHM10892-3-U.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides allelic compositions in maize and methods for identifying and selecting maize plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold. The following definitions are provided as an aid to understand this invention.

Before describing the present invention in detail, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular embodiments, which can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. As used in this specification and the appended claims, terms in the singular and the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the”, for example, include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “plant”, “the plant” or “a plant” also includes a plurality of plants; also, depending on the context, use of the term “plant” can also include genetically similar or identical progeny of that plant; use of the term “a nucleic acid” optionally includes, as a practical matter, many copies of that nucleic acid molecule; similarly, the term “probe” optionally (and typically) encompasses many similar or identical probe molecules.

Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left to right in 5′ to 3′ orientation. Numeric ranges recited within the specification are inclusive of the numbers defining the range and include each integer or any non-integer fraction within the defined range. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice for testing of the present invention, the preferred materials and methods are described herein. In describing and claiming the present invention, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set out below.

The term “allele” refers to one of two or more different nucleotide sequences that occur at a specific locus.

An “amplicon” is an amplified nucleic acid, e.g., a nucleic acid that is produced by amplifying a template nucleic acid by any available amplification method (e.g., PCR, LCR, transcription, or the like).

The term “amplifying” in the context of nucleic acid amplification is any process whereby additional copies of a selected nucleic acid (or a transcribed form thereof) are produced. Typical amplification methods include various polymerase based replication methods, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase mediated methods such as the ligase chain reaction (LCR) and RNA polymerase based amplification (e.g., by transcription) methods.

The term “assemble” applies to BACs and their propensities for coming together to form contiguous stretches of DNA. A BAC “assembles” to a contig based on sequence alignment, if the BAC is sequenced, or via the alignment of its BAC fingerprint to the fingerprints of other BACs. The assemblies can be found using the Maize Genome Browser, which is publicly available on the internet.

An allele is “associated with” a trait when it is part of or linked to a DNA sequence or allele that affects the expression of a trait. The presence of the allele is an indicator of how the trait will be expressed.

A “BAC”, or bacterial artificial chromosome, is a cloning vector derived from the naturally occurring F factor of Escherichia coli. BACs can accept large inserts of DNA sequence. In maize, a number of BACs, or bacterial artificial chromosomes, each containing a large insert of maize genomic DNA, have been assembled into contigs (overlapping contiguous genetic fragments, or “contiguous DNA”).

“Backcrossing” refers to the process whereby hybrid progeny are repeatedly crossed back to one of the parents. In a backcrossing scheme, the “donor” parent refers to the parental plant with the desired gene or locus to be introgressed. The “recipient” parent (used one or more times) or “recurrent” parent (used two or more times) refers to the parental plant into which the gene or locus is being introgressed. For example, see Ragot, M. et al. (1995) Marker-assisted backcrossing: a practical example, in Techniques et Utilisations des Marqueurs Moleculaires Les Colloques, Vol. 72, pp. 45-56, and Openshaw et al., (1994) Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding, Analysis of Molecular Marker Data, pp. 41-43. The initial cross gives rise to the F1 generation; the term “BC1” then refers to the second use of the recurrent parent, “BC2” refers to the third use of the recurrent parent, and so on.

A centimorgan (“cM”) is a unit of measure of recombination frequency. One cM is equal to a 1% chance that a marker at one genetic locus will be separated from a marker at a second locus due to crossing over in a single generation.

As used herein, the term “chromosomal interval” designates a contiguous linear span of genomic DNA that resides in planta on a single chromosome. The genetic elements or genes located on a single chromosomal interval are physically linked. The size of a chromosomal interval is not particularly limited. In some aspects, the genetic elements located within a single chromosomal interval are genetically linked, typically with a genetic recombination distance of, for example, less than or equal to 20 cM, or alternatively, less than or equal to 10 cM. That is, two genetic elements within a single chromosomal interval undergo recombination at a frequency of less than or equal to 20% or 10%.

A “chromosome” can also be referred to as a “linkage group”.

The term “complement” refers to a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a given nucleotide sequence, i.e. the sequences are related by the base-pairing rules.

The term “contiguous DNA” refers to overlapping contiguous genetic fragments.

The term “crossed” or “cross” means the fusion of gametes via pollination to produce progeny (e.g., cells, seeds or plants). The term encompasses both sexual crosses (the pollination of one plant by another) and selfing (self-pollination, e.g., when the pollen and ovule are from the same plant). The term “crossing” refers to the act of fusing gametes via pollination to produce progeny.

A “diploid” organism (such as a plant) has two sets (genomes) of chromosomes.

“Disease resistance” is a characteristic of a plant, wherein the plant avoids the disease symptoms that are the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions, such as interactions between maize and the fusarium species F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and/or F. subglutinans. That is, pathogens are prevented from causing plant diseases and the associated disease symptoms, or alternatively, the disease symptoms caused by the pathogen are minimized or lessened. One of skill in the art will appreciate that the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used with other compositions and methods available in the art for protecting plants from pathogen attack.

A “doubled haploid” is developed by doubling the haploid set of chromosomes. A doubled haploid plant is considered a homozygous plant.

An “elite line” is any line that has resulted from breeding and selection for superior agronomic performance.

“Enhanced resistance” refers to an increased level of resistance against a particular pathogen, a wide spectrum of pathogens, or an infection caused by the pathogen(s). An increased level of resistance against the fungal pathogens Fusarium verticillioides (Fv), Fusarium proliferatum (Fp), and Fusarium subglutinans (Fs), for example, constitutes “enhanced” or improved fungal resistance. The embodiments of the invention will enhance or improve fungal plant pathogen resistance, such that the resistance of the plant to a fungal pathogen or pathogens will increase, which in turn, will increase resistance to the disease caused by the fungal pathogen. The term “enhance” refers to improve, increase, amplify, multiply, elevate, raise, and the like. Herein, plants of the invention are described as having “enhanced resistance” to the Fusarium species F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans and/or the ear mold caused by these pathogens, as a result of specific alleles at the locus of the invention.

F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans are the fungal pathogens that induce Fusarium ear mold (or ear rot) in maize. The fungal pathogens are also referred to collectively herein as Fusarium.

A “favorable allele” is the allele at a particular locus that confers, or contributes to, an agronomically desirable phenotype, e.g., enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold. A favorable allele of a marker is a marker allele that segregates with the favorable phenotype.

“Fragment” is intended to mean a portion of a nucleotide sequence. Fragments can be used as hybridization probes or PCR primers using methods disclosed herein.

As used herein, “fungal resistance” refers to enhanced resistance or tolerance to a fungal pathogen when compared to that of a wild type plant. Effects may vary from a slight increase in tolerance to the effects of the fungal pathogen (e.g., partial inhibition) to total resistance such that the plant is unaffected by the presence of the fungal pathogen.

“Fusarium ear mold”, sometimes referred to as Fusarium ear rot, is the disease caused by species of the Gibberella fuijkuroi complex, namely F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and/or F. subglutinans.

A “genetic map” is a description of genetic linkage relationships among loci on one or more chromosomes (or linkage groups) within a given species, generally depicted in a diagrammatic or tabular form. For each genetic map, distances between loci are measured by how frequently their alleles appear together in a population (i.e. their recombination frequencies). Alleles can be detected using DNA or protein markers, or observable phenotypes. A genetic map is a product of the mapping population, types of markers used, and the polymorphic potential of each marker between different populations. Genetic distances between loci can differ from one genetic map to another. However, information can be correlated from one map to another using common markers. One of ordinary skill in the art can use common marker positions to identify the positions of markers and other loci of interest on each individual genetic map. The order of loci should not change between maps, although frequently there are small changes in marker orders due to e.g. markers detecting alternate duplicate loci in different populations, differences in statistical approaches used to order the markers, novel mutation or laboratory error.

The term “Genetic Marker” shall refer to any type of nucleic acid based marker, including but not limited to, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences (CAPS) (Rafalski and Tingey, 1993, Trends in Genetics 9:275-280), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) (Vos et al, 1995, Nucleic Acids Res. 23:4407-4414), Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) (Brookes, 1999, Gene 234:177-186), Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) (Paran and Michelmore, 1993, Theor. Appl. Genet. 85:985-993), Sequence Tagged Site (STS) (Onozaki et al., 2004, Euphytica 138:255-262), Single Stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) (Orita et al., 1989, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2766-2770), Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) (Blair et al., 1999, Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:780-792), Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism (IRAP), Retrotransposon-Microsatellite Amplified Polymorphism (REMAP) (Kalendar et al., 1999, Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:704-711), an RNA cleavage product (such as a Lynx tag), and the like.

“Genetic recombination frequency” is the frequency of a crossing over event (recombination) between two genetic loci. Recombination frequency can be observed by following the segregation of markers and/or traits following meiosis.

“Genome” refers to the total DNA, or the entire set of genes, carried by a chromosome or chromosome set.

The term “genotype” is the genetic constitution of an individual (or group of individuals) at one or more genetic loci, as contrasted with the observable trait (the phenotype). Genotype is defined by the allele(s) of one or more known loci that the individual has inherited from its parents. The term genotype can be used to refer to an individual's genetic constitution at a single locus, at multiple loci, or, more generally, the term genotype can be used to refer to an individual's genetic make-up for all the genes in its genome.

“Germplasm” refers to genetic material of or from an individual (e.g., a plant), a group of individuals (e.g., a plant line, variety or family), or a clone derived from a line, variety, species, or culture. The germplasm can be part of an organism or cell, or can be separate from the organism or cell. In general, germplasm provides genetic material with a specific molecular makeup that provides a physical foundation for some or all of the hereditary qualities of an organism or cell culture. As used herein, germplasm includes cells, seed or tissues from which new plants may be grown, or plant parts, such as leafs, stems, pollen, or cells that can be cultured into a whole plant.

A plant referred to as “haploid” has a single set (genome) of chromosomes.

A “haplotype” is the genotype of an individual at a plurality of genetic loci, i.e. a combination of alleles. Typically, the genetic loci described by a haplotype are physically and genetically linked, i.e., on the same chromosome segment. The term “haplotype” can refer to polymorphisms at a particular locus, such as a single marker locus, or polymorphisms at multiple loci along a chromosomal segment. Herein, a “favorable haplotype” is one associated with a higher Fusarium ear mold resistance score, meaning that a plant having that haplotype has fewer symptoms. An “unfavorable haplotype” is one associated with a reduction in the Fusarium ear mold resistance score. Scores can be obtained, for example, using the scale in FIG. 5.

A “heterotic group” comprises a set of genotypes that perform well when crossed with genotypes from a different heterotic group (Hallauer et al. (1998) Corn breeding, p. 463-564. In G. F. Sprague and J. W. Dudley (ed.) Corn and corn improvement). Inbred lines are classified into heterotic groups, and are further subdivided into families within a heterotic group, based on several criteria such as pedigree, molecular marker-based associations, and performance in hybrid combinations (Smith et al. (1990) Theor. Appl. Gen. 80:833-840). The two most widely used heterotic groups in the United States are referred to as “Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic” (also referred to herein as “stiff stalk”) and “Lancaster” or “Lancaster Sure Crop” (sometimes referred to as NSS, or non-Stiff Stalk).

The term “heterozygous” means a genetic condition wherein different alleles reside at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes.

The term “homozygous” means a genetic condition wherein identical alleles reside at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes.

The term “hybrid” refers to the progeny obtained between the crossing of at least two genetically dissimilar parents.

“Hybridization” or “nucleic acid hybridization” refers to the pairing of complementary RNA and DNA strands as well as the pairing of complementary DNA single strands.

The term “hybridize” means to form base pairs between complementary regions of nucleic acid strands.

An “IBM genetic map” can refer to any of the following maps: IBM, IBM2, IBM2 neighbors, IBM2 FPC0507, IBM2 2004 neighbors, IBM2 2005 neighbors, IBM2 2005 neighbors frame, IBM2 2008 neighbors, IBM2 2008 neighbors frame, or the latest version on the maizeGDB website. IBM genetic maps are based on a B73×Mo17 population in which the progeny from the initial cross were random-mated for multiple generations prior to constructing recombinant inbred lines for mapping. Newer versions reflect the addition of genetic and BAC mapped loci as well as enhanced map refinement due to the incorporation of information obtained from other genetic or physical maps, cleaned data, or the use of new algorithms.

The term “inbred” refers to a line that has been bred for genetic homogeneity.

The term “indel” refers to an insertion or deletion, wherein one line may be referred to as having an insertion relative to a second line, or the second line may be referred to as having a deletion relative to the first line.

The term “introgression” or “introgressing” refers to the transmission of a desired allele of a genetic locus from one genetic background to another. For example, introgression of a desired allele at a specified locus can be transmitted to at least one progeny via a sexual cross between two parents of the same species, where at least one of the parents has the desired allele in its genome. Alternatively, for example, transmission of an allele can occur by recombination between two donor genomes, e.g., in a fused protoplast, where at least one of the donor protoplasts has the desired allele in its genome. The desired allele can be, e.g., a selected allele of a marker, a QTL, a transgene, or the like. In any case, offspring comprising the desired allele can be repeatedly backcrossed to a line having a desired genetic background and selected for the desired allele, to result in the allele becoming fixed in a selected genetic background. For example, the chromosome 3 locus and/or the chromosome 4 locus described herein may be introgressed into a recurrent parent that is not resistant or only partially resistant to the Fusarium species that cause ear mold and/or the ear mold itself. The recurrent parent line with the introgressed gene (s) or locus (loci) then has enhanced resistance to the Fusarium species that cause ear mold and/or the ear mold itself.

The process of “introgressing” is often referred to as “backcrossing” when the process is repeated two or more times.

As used herein, the term “linkage” is used to describe the degree with which one marker locus is associated with another marker locus or some other locus (for example, a Fusarium ear mold resistance locus). The linkage relationship between a molecular marker and a locus affecting a phenotype is given as a “probability” or “adjusted probability”. Linkage can be expressed as a desired limit or range. For example, in some embodiments, any marker is linked (genetically and physically) to any other marker when the markers are separated by less than 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, or 15 map units (or cM) of a single meiosis map (a genetic map based on a population that has undergone one round of meiosis (e.g. an F₂)). In some aspects, it is advantageous to define a bracketed range of linkage, for example, between 10 and 20 cM, between 10 and 30 cM, or between 10 and 40 cM. The more closely a marker is linked to a second locus, the better an indicator for the second locus that marker becomes. Thus, “closely linked loci” such as a marker locus and a second locus display an inter-locus recombination frequency of 10% or less, preferably about 9% or less, still more preferably about 8% or less, yet more preferably about 7% or less, still more preferably about 6% or less, yet more preferably about 5% or less, still more preferably about 4% or less, yet more preferably about 3% or less, and still more preferably about 2% or less. In highly preferred embodiments, the relevant loci display a recombination frequency of about 1% or less, e.g., about 0.75% or less, more preferably about 0.5% or less, or yet more preferably about 0.25% or less. Two loci that are localized to the same chromosome, and at such a distance that recombination between the two loci occurs at a frequency of less than 10% (e.g., about 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.75%, 0.5%, 0.25%, or less) are also said to be “proximal to” each other. Since one cM is the distance between two markers that show a 1% recombination frequency, any marker is closely linked (genetically and physically) to any other marker that is in close proximity, e.g., at or less than 10 cM distant. Two closely linked markers on the same chromosome can be positioned 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.75, 0.5 or 0.25 cM or less from each other.

The term “linkage disequilibrium” refers to a non-random segregation of genetic loci or traits (or both). In either case, linkage disequilibrium implies that the relevant loci are within sufficient physical proximity along a length of a chromosome so that they segregate together with greater than random (i.e., non-random) frequency (in the case of co-segregating traits, the loci that underlie the traits are in sufficient proximity to each other). Markers that show linkage disequilibrium are considered linked. Linked loci co-segregate more than 50% of the time, e.g., from about 51% to about 100% of the time. In other words, two markers that co-segregate have a recombination frequency of less than 50% (and by definition, are separated by less than 50 cM on the same chromosome.) As used herein, linkage can be between two markers, or alternatively between a marker and a phenotype. A marker locus can be “associated with” (linked to) a trait, e.g., Fusarium ear mold resistance. The degree of linkage of a molecular marker to a phenotypic trait is measured, e.g., as a statistical probability of co-segregation of that molecular marker with the phenotype.

Linkage disequilibrium is most commonly assessed using the measure r², which is calculated using the formula described by Hill, W. G. and Robertson, A, Theor. Appl. Genet. 38:226-231 (1968). When r²=1, complete LD exists between the two marker loci, meaning that the markers have not been separated by recombination and have the same allele frequency. Values for r² above ⅓ indicate sufficiently strong LD to be useful for mapping (Ardlie et al., Nature Reviews Genetics 3:299-309 (2002)). Hence, alleles are in linkage disequilibrium when r² values between pairwise marker loci are greater than or equal to 0.33, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1.0.

As used herein, “linkage equilibrium” describes a situation where two markers independently segregate, i.e., sort among progeny randomly. Markers that show linkage equilibrium are considered unlinked (whether or not they lie on the same chromosome).

A “locus” is a position on a chromosome where a nucleotide, gene, sequence, or marker is located.

The “logarithm of odds (LOD) value” or “LOD score” (Risch, Science 255:803-804 (1992)) is used in interval mapping to describe the degree of linkage between two marker loci. A LOD score of three between two markers indicates that linkage is 1000 times more likely than no linkage, while a LOD score of two indicates that linkage is 100 times more likely than no linkage. LOD scores greater than or equal to two may be used to detect linkage.

“Maize” refers to a plant of the Zea mays L. ssp. mays and is also known as “corn”.

The term “maize plant” includes: whole maize plants, maize plant cells, maize plant protoplast, maize plant cell or maize tissue cultures from which maize plants can be regenerated, maize plant calli, and maize plant cells that are intact in maize plants or parts of maize plants, such as maize seeds, maize cobs, maize flowers, maize cotyledons, maize leaves, maize stems, maize buds, maize roots, maize root tips, and the like.

A “marker” is a nucleotide sequence or encoded product thereof (e.g., a protein) used as a point of reference. For markers to be useful at detecting recombinations, they need to detect differences, or polymorphisms, within the population being monitored. For molecular markers, this means differences at the DNA level due to polynucleotide sequence differences (e.g. SSRs, RFLPs, FLPs, SNPs). The genomic variability can be of any origin, for example, insertions, deletions, duplications, repetitive elements, point mutations, recombination events, or the presence and sequence of transposable elements. A marker can be derived from genomic nucleotide sequence or from expressed nucleic acids (e.g., ESTs) and can also refer to nucleic acids used as probes or primer pairs capable of amplifying sequence fragments via the use of PCR-based methods. A large number of maize molecular markers are known in the art, and are published or available from various sources, such as the Maize GDB internet resource and the Arizona Genomics Institute internet resource run by the University of Arizona.

Markers corresponding to genetic polymorphisms between members of a population can be detected by methods well-established in the art. These include, e.g., DNA sequencing, PCR-based sequence specific amplification methods, detection of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), detection of isozyme markers, detection of polynucleotide polymorphisms by allele specific hybridization (ASH), detection of amplified variable sequences of the plant genome, detection of self-sustained sequence replication, detection of simple sequence repeats (SSRs), detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), or detection of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Well established methods are also known for the detection of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and SSR markers derived from EST sequences and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD).

A “marker allele”, alternatively an “allele of a marker locus”, can refer to one of a plurality of polymorphic nucleotide sequences found at a marker locus in a population that is polymorphic for the marker locus.

“Marker assisted selection” (of MAS) is a process by which phenotypes are selected based on marker genotypes.

“Marker assisted counter-selection” is a process by which marker genotypes are used to identify plants that will not be selected, allowing them to be removed from a breeding program or planting.

A “marker haplotype” refers to a combination of alleles at a marker locus.

A “marker locus” is a specific chromosome location in the genome of a species where a specific marker can be found. A marker locus can be used to track the presence of a second linked locus, e.g., a linked locus that encodes or contributes to expression of a phenotypic trait. For example, a marker locus can be used to monitor segregation of alleles at a locus, such as a QTL or single gene, that are genetically or physically linked to the marker locus.

A “marker probe” is a nucleic acid sequence or molecule that can be used to identify the presence of a marker locus, e.g., a nucleic acid probe that is complementary to a marker locus sequence, through nucleic acid hybridization. Marker probes comprising 30 or more contiguous nucleotides of the marker locus (“all or a portion” of the marker locus sequence) may be used for nucleic acid hybridization. Alternatively, in some aspects, a marker probe refers to a probe of any type that is able to distinguish (i.e., genotype) the particular allele that is present at a marker locus.

“Nucleotide sequence”, “polynucleotide”, “nucleic acid sequence”, and “nucleic acid fragment” are used interchangeably and refer to a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single- or double-stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. A “nucleotide” is a monomeric unit from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed, and consists of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose, and a phosphoric acid group. Nucleotides (usually found in their 5′-monophosphate form) are referred to by their single letter designation as follows: “A” for adenylate or deoxyadenylate (for RNA or DNA, respectively), “C” for cytidylate or deoxycytidylate, “G” for guanylate or deoxyguanylate, “U” for uridylate, “T” for deoxythymidylate, “R” for purines (A or G), “Y” for pyrimidines (C or T), “K” for G or T, “H” for A or C or T, “I” for inosine, and “N” for any nucleotide.

The terms “phenotype”, or “phenotypic trait” or “trait” refers to one or more traits of an organism. The phenotype can be observable to the naked eye, or by any other means of evaluation known in the art, e.g., microscopy, biochemical analysis, or an electromechanical assay. In some cases, a phenotype is directly controlled by a single gene or genetic locus, i.e., a “single gene trait”. In other cases, a phenotype is the result of several genes.

Each marker with a “PHM” designation followed by a number (and no extensions) represents two sets of primers (external and internal) that when used in a nested PCR, amplify a specific piece of DNA. The external set is used in the first round of PCR, after which the internal sequences are used for a second round of PCR on the products of the first round. This increases the specificity of the reaction. The annealing temperature for the PHM markers (consisting of two sets of primers) is 55° C.

A “physical map” of the genome is a map showing the linear order of identifiable landmarks (including genes, markers, etc.) on chromosome DNA. However, in contrast to genetic maps, the distances between landmarks are absolute (for example, measured in base pairs or isolated and overlapping contiguous genetic fragments) and not based on genetic recombination.

A “plant” can be a whole plant, any part thereof, or a cell or tissue culture derived from a plant. Thus, the term “plant” can refer to any of: whole plants, plant components or organs (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, etc.), plant tissues, seeds, plant cells, and/or progeny of the same. A plant cell is a cell of a plant, taken from a plant, or derived through culture from a cell taken from a plant.

A “polymorphism” is a variation in the DNA that is too common to be due merely to new mutation. A polymorphism must have a frequency of at least 1% in a population. A polymorphism can be a single nucleotide polymorphism, or SNP, or an insertion/deletion polymorphism, also referred to herein as an “indel”.

The “probability value” or “p-value” is the statistical likelihood that the particular combination of a phenotype and the presence or absence of a particular marker allele is random. Thus, the lower the probability score, the greater the likelihood that a phenotype and a particular marker will co-segregate. In some aspects, the probability score is considered “significant” or “nonsignificant”. In some embodiments, a probability score of 0.05 (p=0.05, or a 5% probability) of random assortment is considered a significant indication of co-segregation. However, an acceptable probability can be any probability of less than 50% (p=0.5). For example, a significant probability can be less than 0.25, less than 0.20, less than 0.15, less than 0.1, less than 0.05, less than 0.01, or less than 0.001.

The term “progeny” refers to the offspring generated from a cross.

A “progeny plant” is generated from a cross between two plants.

A “production marker” or “production SNP marker” is a marker that has been developed for high-throughput purposes. Production SNP markers are developed to detect specific polymorphisms and are designed for use with a variety of chemistries and platforms. The marker names used here begin with a PHM prefix to denote ‘Pioneer Hybrid Marker’, followed by a number that is specific to the sequence from which it was designed, followed by a “.” or a “-” and then a suffix that is specific to the DNA polymorphism. A marker version can also follow (A, B, C etc) that denotes the version of the marker designed to that specific polymorphism.

The term “quantitative trait locus” or “QTL” refers to a region of DNA that is associated with the differential expression of a phenotypic trait in at least one genetic background, e.g., in at least one breeding population. QTLs are closely linked to the gene or genes that underlie the trait in question.

A “reference sequence” is a defined sequence used as a basis for sequence comparison. The reference sequence is obtained by genotyping a number of lines at the locus, aligning the nucleotide sequences in a sequence alignment program (e.g. Sequencher), and then obtaining the consensus sequence of the alignment.

A “topeross test” is a progeny test derived by crossing each parent with the same tester, usually a homozygous line. The parent being tested can be an open-pollinated variety, a cross, or an inbred line.

The phrase “under stringent conditions” refers to conditions under which a probe or polynucleotide will hybridize to a specific nucleic acid sequence, typically in a complex mixture of nucleic acids, but to essentially no other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances.

Longer sequences hybridize specifically at higher temperatures. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5-10° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength pH. The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength, pH, and nucleic acid concentration) at which 50% of the probes complementary to the target hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium (as the target sequences are present in excess, at Tm, 50% of the probes are occupied at equilibrium). Stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.0 M sodium ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M sodium ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3, and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. For selective or specific hybridization, a positive signal is at least two times background, preferably 10 times background hybridization. Exemplary stringent hybridization conditions are often: 50% formamide, 5×SSC, and 1% SDS, incubating at 42° C., or, 5×SSC, 1% SDS, incubating at 65° C., with wash in 0.2×SSC, and 0.1% SDS at 65° C. For PCR, a temperature of about 36° C. is typical for low stringency amplification, although annealing temperatures may vary between about 32° C. and 48° C., depending on primer length. Additional guidelines for determining hybridization parameters are provided in numerous references.

An “unfavorable allele” of a marker is a marker allele that segregates with the unfavorable plant phenotype, therefore providing the benefit of identifying plants that can be removed from a breeding program or planting.

Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations may be determined using a variety of comparison methods designed to detect homologous sequences including, but not limited to, the MEGALIGN® program of the LASERGENE® bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR® Inc., Madison, Wis.). Unless stated otherwise, multiple alignment of the sequences provided herein were performed using the Clustal V method of alignment (Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS. 5:151 153 (1989)) with the default parameters (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10). Default parameters for pairwise alignments and calculation of percent identity of protein sequences using the Clustal V method are KTUPLE=1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5. For nucleic acids these parameters are KTUPLE=2, GAP PENALTY=5, WINDOW=4 and DIAGONALS SAVED=4. After alignment of the sequences, using the Clustal V program, it is possible to obtain “percent identity” and “divergence” values by viewing the “sequence distances” table on the same program; unless stated otherwise, percent identities and divergences provided and claimed herein were calculated in this manner.

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used herein are well known in the art and are described more fully in Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, 1989 (hereinafter “Sambrook”).

Before describing the present invention in detail, it should be understood that this invention is not limited to particular embodiments. It also should be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein and in the appended claims, terms in the singular and the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the”, for example, include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “plant”, “the plant” or “a plant” also includes a plurality of plants. Depending on the context, use of the term “plant” can also include genetically similar or identical progeny of that plant. The use of the term “a nucleic acid” optionally includes many copies of that nucleic acid molecule. Turning now to the embodiments:

Fusarium Ear Mold Resistance

Fusarium ear mold (also referred to as Fusarium ear rot) is a devastating disease of maize caused by species of the Gibberella fuijkuroi complex, namely F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and/or F. subglutinans. The identification of molecular markers and alleles of molecular markers that are associated with Fusarium ear mold resistance allows selection for resistance based solely on the genetic composition of the progeny. Methods for identifying and selecting maize plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold through the evaluation of genetic composition (as assessed using molecular markers and their alleles) are presented herein.

Genetic Mapping

It has been recognized for quite some time that specific genetic loci correlating with particular phenotypes, such as resistance to Fusarium ear mold, can be mapped in an organism's genome. The plant breeder can advantageously use molecular markers to identify desired individuals by detecting marker alleles that show a statistically significant probability of co-segregation with a desired phenotype, manifested as linkage disequilibrium. By identifying a molecular marker or clusters of molecular markers that co-segregate with a trait of interest, the breeder is able to rapidly select a desired phenotype by selecting for the proper molecular marker allele (a process called marker-assisted selection, or MAS). Such markers could also be used by breeders to design genotypes in silico and to practice whole genome selection.

A variety of methods well known in the art are available for detecting molecular markers or clusters of molecular markers that co-segregate with a trait of interest, such as resistance to Fusarium ear mold. The basic idea underlying these methods is the detection of markers, for which alternative genotypes (or alleles) have significantly different average phenotypes. Thus, one makes a comparison among marker loci of the magnitude of difference among alternative genotypes (or alleles) or the level of significance of that difference. Trait genes are inferred to be located nearest the marker(s) that have the greatest associated genotypic difference.

Two such methods used to detect trait loci of interest are: 1) Population-based association analysis and 2) Traditional linkage analysis. In a population-based association analysis, lines are obtained from pre-existing populations with multiple founders, e.g. elite breeding lines. Population-based association analyses rely on the decay of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and the idea that in an unstructured population, only correlations between genes controlling a trait of interest and markers closely linked to those genes will remain after so many generations of random mating. In reality, most pre-existing populations have population substructure. Thus, the use of a structured association approach helps to control population structure by allocating individuals to populations using data obtained from markers randomly distributed across the genome, thereby minimizing disequilibrium due to population structure within the individual populations (also called subpopulations). The phenotypic values are compared to the genotypes (alleles) at each marker locus for each line in the subpopulation. A significant marker-trait association indicates the close proximity between the marker locus and one or more genetic loci that are involved in the expression of that trait.

The same principles underlie traditional linkage analysis; however, LD is generated by creating a population from a small number of founders. The founders are selected to maximize the level of polymorphism within the constructed population, and polymorphic sites are assessed for their level of cosegregation with a given phenotype. A number of statistical methods have been used to identify significant marker-trait associations. One such method is an interval mapping approach (Lander and Botstein, Genetics 121:185-199 (1989), in which each of many positions along a genetic map (say at 1 cM intervals) is tested for the likelihood that a gene controlling a trait of interest is located at that position. The genotype/phenotype data are used to calculate for each test position a LOD score (log of likelihood ratio). When the LOD score exceeds a threshold value, there is significant evidence for the location of a gene controlling the trait of interest at that position on the genetic map (which will fall between two particular marker loci).

The present invention provides maize marker loci that demonstrate statistically significant co-segregation with resistance to Fusarium ear mold, as determined by association analysis. Detection of these loci or additional linked loci can be used in marker assisted maize breeding programs to produce plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.

Marker Compositions

Markers associated with resistance to Fusarium ear mold in maize are identified herein, and methods involve detecting the presence of one or more marker alleles associated with the enhanced resistance in the germplasm of a maize plant. The maize plant can be a hybrid or inbred and may be in the stiff stalk heterotic group.

For the QTL identified on chromosome 3, the marker locus can be selected from any of the marker loci provided in TABLE 1, including PHM12969, PHM1695, PHM12209, PHM2204, PHM9905, PHM13926, PHM10091, and PHM18211; any of the SNP marker loci provided in TABLE 5, including a “C” at PHM12209.11, a “T” at PHM12209.20, a “C” at PHM12209.21, a “G” at PHM12209.22, a “C” at PHM12209.23, an “A” at PHM9905.11, a “T” at PHM9905.13, a “G” at PHM9905.35, a “T” at PHM2204.88, an “A” at PHM2204.105, a “C” at PHM13926.25, a “G” at PHM13926.27, a “G” at PHM13926.28, and a “G” at PHM13926.32, as well as any other marker linked to these markers (linked markers can be determined from the MaizeGDB resource).

For the QTL identified on chromosome 4, the marker locus can be selected from any of the marker loci provided in TABLE 2, including PHM2015, PHM10326, PHM497, PHM4483, PHM5273, PHM939, PHM10892, PHM9363, PHM18162, PHM9942, PHM5247, PHM3985, PHM6226, and PHM10262; any of the SNP marker loci provided in TABLE 6, including a “C” at PHM10892.3, a “G” at PHM939.47, and an “A” at PHM939.48; as well as any other marker linked to these markers (linked markers can be determined from the MaizeGDB resource).

Physical Map Locations of QTLs

The genetic elements or genes located on a contiguous linear span of genomic DNA on a single chromosome are physically linked.

For the QTL on chromosome 3, the two markers with the largest physical distance between them that still remain associated with the phenotype of interest, Fusarium ear mold resistance, are PHM12969 and PHM18211. PHM12969 is located on BACs c0437d18, c0094g18, and b0219j14. PHM18211 is located on BACs c0482d19 and c0060e22. These two BAC regions delineate the Fusarium ear mold resistance QTL on the maize physical map (FIG. 1). Any polynucleotide that assembles to the contiguous DNA between and including SEQ ID NO:1 (the reference sequence for PHM12969), or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, and SEQ ID NO:7 (the reference sequence for PHM18211), or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:7 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, can house marker loci that are associated with the Fusarium ear mold resistance trait. FIG. 1 shows the physical map arrangement of the sequenced BACs that make up the contiguous stretch of DNA between and including PHM12969 and PHM18211.

For the QTL located on chromsome 4, the two markers with the largest physical distance between them that still remain associated with the phenotype of interest, Fusarium ear mold resistance, are PHM10892 and PHM10262. PHM10892 is located on BAC b0269h08, while PHM10262 is located on BACs c0237f22 and c0069i21. These two BAC regions delineate the Fusarium ear mold resistance QTL on the maize physical map (FIG. 2). Any polynucleotide that assembles to the contiguous DNA between and including SEQ ID NO:10 (the reference sequence for PHM10892), or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:10 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, and SEQ ID NO:22 (the reference sequence for PHM10262), or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:22 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, can house marker loci that are associated with the Fusarium ear mold resistance trait. FIG. 2 shows the physical map arrangement of the sequenced BACs that make up the contiguous stretch of DNA between and including PHM10892 and PHM10262.

Linkage Relationships

A common measure of linkage is the frequency with which traits cosegregate. This can be expressed as a percentage of cosegregation (recombination frequency) or in centiMorgans (cM). The cM is a unit of measure of genetic recombination frequency. One cM is equal to a 1% chance that a trait at one genetic locus will be separated from a trait at another locus due to crossing over in a single generation (meaning the traits segregate together 99% of the time). Because chromosomal distance is approximately proportional to the frequency of crossing over events between traits, there is an approximate physical distance that correlates with recombination frequency.

Marker loci are themselves traits and can be assessed according to standard linkage analysis by tracking the marker loci during segregation. Thus, one cM is equal to a 1% chance that a marker locus will be separated from another locus, due to crossing over in a single generation.

The closer a marker is to a gene controlling a trait of interest, the more effective and advantageous that marker is as an indicator for the desired trait. Closely linked loci display an inter-locus cross-over frequency of about 10% or less, preferably about 9% or less, still more preferably about 8% or less, yet more preferably about 7% or less, still more preferably about 6% or less, yet more preferably about 5% or less, still more preferably about 4% or less, yet more preferably about 3% or less, and still more preferably about 2% or less. In highly preferred embodiments, the relevant loci (e.g., a marker locus and a target locus) display a recombination frequency of about 1% or less, e.g., about 0.75% or less, more preferably about 0.5% or less, or yet more preferably about 0.25% or less. Thus, the loci are about 10 cM, 9 cM, 8 cM, 7 cM, 6 cM, 5 cM, 4 cM, 3 cM, 2 cM, 1 cM, 0.75 cM, 0.5 cM or 0.25 cM or less apart. Put another way, two loci that are localized to the same chromosome, and at such a distance that recombination between the two loci occurs at a frequency of less than 10% (e.g., about 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.75%, 0.5%, 0.25%, or less) are said to be “proximal to” each other.

Although particular marker alleles can show co-segregation with the Fusarium ear mold resistance phenotype, it is important to note that the marker locus is not necessarily responsible for the expression of the Fusarium ear mold resistance phenotype. For example, it is not a requirement that the marker polynucleotide sequence be part of a gene that imparts enhanced Fusarium ear mold resistance (for example, be part of the gene open reading frame). The association between a specific marker allele and the enhanced Fusarium ear mold resistance phenotype is due to the original “coupling” linkage phase between the marker allele and the allele in the ancestral maize line from which the allele originated. Eventually, with repeated recombination, crossing over events between the marker and genetic locus can change this orientation. For this reason, the favorable marker allele may change depending on the linkage phase that exists within the resistant parent used to create segregating populations. This does not change the fact that the marker can be used to monitor segregation of the phenotype. It only changes which marker allele is considered favorable in a given segregating population.

For the QTL on chromosome 3, markers identified in TABLES 1 and 5, as well as any marker within 50 cM of the markers identified in TABLES 1 and 5, can be used to predict Fusarium ear mold resistance in a maize plant. This includes any marker within 50 cM of the PHM markers, PHM12969, PHM1695, PHM12209, PHM2204, PHM9905, PHM13926, PHM10091, and PHM18211, and within 50 CM of the SNP markers, a “C” at PHM12209.11, a “T” at PHM12209.20, a “C” at PHM12209.21, a “G” at PHM12209.22, a “C” at PHM12209.23, an “A” at PHM9905.11, a “T” at PHM9905.13, a “G” at PHM9905.35, a “T” at PHM2204.88, an “A” at PHM2204.105, a “C” at PHM13926.25, a “G” at PHM13926.27, a “G” at PHM13926.28, and a “G” at PHM13926.32.

For the QTL on chromosome 4, markers identified in TABLES 2 and 6, as well as any marker within 50 cM of the markers identified in TABLES 2 and 6, can be used to predict Fusarium ear mold resistance in a maize plant. This includes any marker within 50 cM of the PHM markers, PHM2015, PHM10326, PHM497, PHM4483, PHM5273, PHM939, PHM10892, PHM9363, PHM18162, PHM9942, PHM5247, PHM3985, PHM6226, and PHM10262, and within 50 cM of the SNP markers, a “C” at PHM10892.3, a “G” at PHM939.47, and an “A” at PHM939.48.

Chromosomal Intervals

Chromosomal intervals that correlate with Fusarium ear mold resistance are provided. A variety of methods well known in the art are available for identifying chromosomal intervals. The boundaries of such chromosomal intervals are drawn to encompass markers that will be linked to one or more QTL. In other words, the chromosomal interval is drawn such that any marker that lies within that interval (including the terminal markers that define the boundaries of the interval) can be used as a marker for Fusarium ear mold resistance. Each interval comprises at least one QTL, and furthermore, may indeed comprise more than one QTL. Close proximity of multiple QTL in the same interval may obfuscate the correlation of a particular marker with a particular QTL, as one marker may demonstrate linkage to more than one QTL. Conversely, e.g., if two markers in close proximity show co-segregation with the desired phenotypic trait, it is sometimes unclear if each of those markers identify the same QTL or two different QTL. Regardless, knowledge of how many QTL are in a particular interval is not necessary to make or practice the invention.

The intervals described below show a clustering of markers that co-segregate with Fusarium ear mold resistance. The clustering of markers occurs in relatively small domains on the chromosomes, indicating the presence of one or more QTL in those chromosome regions. The QTL interval was drawn to encompass markers that co-segregate with Fusarium ear mold resistance. Intervals are defined by the markers on their termini, where the interval encompasses markers that map within the interval as well as the markers that define the termini. An interval described by the terminal markers that define the endpoints of the interval will include the terminal markers and any marker localizing within that chromosomal domain, whether those markers are currently known or unknown.

For the QTL on chromosome 3, an interval may be defined by and includes markers PHM12969 and PHM18211. For the QTL on chromosome 4, an interval may be defined by and includes PHM10892 and PHM10262. Any marker located within these intervals can find use as a marker for Fusarium ear mold resistance.

Chromosomal intervals can also be defined by markers that are linked to (show linkage disequilibrium with) a QTL marker, and r² is a common measure of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the context of association studies. If the r² value of LD between a chromosome 3 marker locus lying within the interval of PHM12969 and PHM18211 and another chromosome 3 marker locus in close proximity is greater than ⅓ (Ardlie et al., Nature Reviews Genetics 3:299-309 (2002)), the loci are in linkage disequilibrium with one another.

Marker Alleles and Haplotypic Combinations

A marker of the invention can also be a combination of alleles at one or more marker loci. The alleles described below could be used in combination to identify and select maize plants with enhanced Fusarium ear mold resistance.

Favorable SNP alleles (i.e., associated with enhanced Fusarium ear mold resistance) at the QTL on chromosome 3 have been identified herein and include: a “C” at PHM12209.11, a “T” at PHM12209.20, a “C” at PHM12209.21, a “G” at PHM12209.22, a “C” at PHM12209.23, an “A” at PHM9905.11, a “T” at PHM9905.13, a “G” at PHM9905.35, a “T” at PHM2204.88, an “A” at PHM2204.105, a “C” at PHM13926.25, a “G” at PHM13926.27, a “G” at PHM13926.28, and a “G” at PHM 13926.32.

Favorable SNP alleles (i.e., associated with enhanced Fusarium ear mold resistance) at the QTL on chromosome 4 have been identified herein and include: a “C” at PHM10892.3, a “G” at PHM939.47, and an “A” at PHM939.48.

The skilled artisan would expect that there might be additional polymorphic sites at marker loci in and around the chromosome 3 and 4 markers identified herein, wherein one or more polymorphic sites is in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with an allele at one or more of the polymorphic sites in the haplotype. Two particular alleles at different polymorphic sites are said to be in LD if the presence of the allele at one of the sites tends to predict the presence of the allele at the other site on the same chromosome (Stevens, Mol. Diag. 4:309-17 (1999)).

Marker Assisted Selection

Molecular markers can be used in a variety of plant breeding applications (e.g. see Staub et al. (1996) Hortscience 31: 729-741; Tanksley (1983) Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. 1: 3-8). One of the main areas of interest is to increase the efficiency of backcrossing and introgressing genes using marker-assisted selection (MAS). A molecular marker that demonstrates linkage with a locus affecting a desired phenotypic trait provides a useful tool for the selection of the trait in a plant population. This is particularly true where the phenotype is hard to assay, e.g. many disease resistance traits, or, occurs at a late stage in plant development, e.g. kernel characteristics. Since DNA marker assays are less laborious and take up less physical space than field phenotyping, much larger populations can be assayed, increasing the chances of finding a recombinant with the target segment from the donor line moved to the recipient line. The closer the linkage, the more useful the marker, as recombination is less likely to occur between the marker and the gene causing the trait, which can result in false positives. Having flanking markers decreases the chances that false positive selection will occur as a double recombination event would be needed. The ideal situation is to have a marker in the gene itself, so that recombination cannot occur between the marker and the gene. Such a marker is called a ‘perfect marker’.

When a gene is introgressed by MAS, it is not only the gene that is introduced but also the flanking regions (Gepts. (2002). Crop Sci; 42: 1780-1790). This is referred to as “linkage drag.” In the case where the donor plant is highly unrelated to the recipient plant, these flanking regions carry additional genes that may code for agronomically undesirable traits. This “linkage drag” may also result in reduced yield or other negative agronomic characteristics even after multiple cycles of backcrossing into the elite maize line. This is also sometimes referred to as “yield drag.” The size of the flanking region can be decreased by additional backcrossing, although this is not always successful, as breeders do not have control over the size of the region or the recombination breakpoints (Young et al. (1998) Genetics 120:579-585). In classical breeding it is usually only by chance that recombinations are selected that contribute to a reduction in the size of the donor segment (Tanksley et al. (1989). Biotechnology 7: 257-264). Even after 20 backcrosses in backcrosses of this type, one may expect to find a sizeable piece of the donor chromosome still linked to the gene being selected. With markers however, it is possible to select those rare individuals that have experienced recombination near the gene of interest. In 150 backcross plants, there is a 95% chance that at least one plant will have experienced a crossover within 1 cM of the gene, based on a single meiosis map distance. Markers will allow unequivocal identification of those individuals. With one additional backcross of 300 plants, there would be a 95% chance of a crossover within 1 cM single meiosis map distance of the other side of the gene, generating a segment around the target gene of less than 2 cM based on a single meiosis map distance. This can be accomplished in two generations with markers, while it would have required on average 100 generations without markers (See Tanksley et al., supra). When the exact location of a gene is known, flanking markers surrounding the gene can be utilized to select for recombinations in different population sizes. For example, in smaller population sizes, recombinations may be expected further away from the gene, so more distal flanking markers would be required to detect the recombination.

The availability of integrated linkage maps of the maize genome containing increasing densities of public maize markers has facilitated maize genetic mapping and MAS. See, e.g. the IBM2 Neighbors maps, which are available online on the MaizeGDB website.

The key components to the implementation of MAS are: (i) Defining the population within which the marker-trait association will be determined, which can be a segregating population, or a random or structured population; (ii) monitoring the segregation or association of polymorphic markers relative to the trait, and determining linkage or association using statistical methods; (iii) defining a set of desirable markers based on the results of the statistical analysis, and (iv) the use and/or extrapolation of this information to the current set of breeding germplasm to enable marker-based selection decisions to be made. The markers described in this disclosure, as well as other marker types such as SSRs and FLPs, can be used in marker assisted selection protocols.

SSRs can be defined as relatively short runs of tandemly repeated DNA with lengths of 6 by or less (Tautz (1989) Nucleic Acid Research 17: 6463-6471; Wang et al. (1994) Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 88:1-6) Polymorphisms arise due to variation in the number of repeat units, probably caused by slippage during DNA replication (Levinson and Gutman (1987) Mol Biol Evol 4: 203-221). The variation in repeat length may be detected by designing PCR primers to the conserved non-repetitive flanking regions (Weber and May (1989) Am J Hum Genet. 44:388-396). SSRs are highly suited to mapping and MAS as they are multi-allelic, codominant, reproducible and amenable to high throughput automation (Rafalski et al. (1996) Generating and using DNA markers in plants. In: Non-mammalian genomic analysis: a practical guide. Academic press. pp 75-135).

Various types of SSR markers can be generated, and SSR profiles from resistant lines can be obtained by gel electrophoresis of the amplification products. Scoring of marker genotype is based on the size of the amplified fragment. An SSR service for maize is available to the public on a contractual basis by DNA Landmarks in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada.

Various types of FLP markers can also be generated. Most commonly, amplification primers are used to generate fragment length polymorphisms. Such FLP markers are in many ways similar to SSR markers, except that the region amplified by the primers is not typically a highly repetitive region. Still, the amplified region, or amplicon, will have sufficient variability among germplasm, often due to insertions or deletions, such that the fragments generated by the amplification primers can be distinguished among polymorphic individuals, and such indels are known to occur frequently in maize (Bhattramakki et al. (2002). Plant Mol Biol 48, 539-547; Rafalski (2002b), supra).

SNP markers detect single base pair nucleotide substitutions. Of all the molecular marker types, SNPs are the most abundant, thus having the potential to provide the highest genetic map resolution (Bhattramakki et al. 2002 Plant Molecular Biology 48:539-547). SNPs can be assayed at an even higher level of throughput than SSRs, in a so-called ‘ultra-high-throughput’ fashion, as they do not require large amounts of DNA and automation of the assay may be straight-forward. SNPs also have the promise of being relatively low-cost systems. These three factors together make SNPs highly attractive for use in MAS. Several methods are available for SNP genotyping, including but not limited to, hybridization, primer extension, oligonucleotide ligation, nuclease cleavage, minisequencing and coded spheres. Such methods have been reviewed in: Gut (2001) Hum Mutat 17 pp. 475-492; Shi (2001) Clin Chem 47, pp. 164-172; Kwok (2000) Pharmacogenomics 1, pp. 95-100; Bhattramakki and Rafalski (2001) Discovery and application of single nucleotide polymorphism markers in plants. In: R. J. Henry, Ed, Plant Genotyping: The DNA Fingerprinting of Plants, CABI Publishing, Wallingford. A wide range of commercially available technologies utilize these and other methods to interrogate SNPs including Masscode™ (Qiagen), Invader® (Third Wave Technologies), SnapShot® (Applied Biosystems), Taqman® (Applied Biosystems) and Beadarrays™ (Illumina).

A number of SNPs together within a sequence, or across linked sequences, can be used to describe a haplotype for any particular genotype (Ching et al. (2002), BMC Genet. 3:19 pp Gupta et al. 2001, Rafalski (2002b), Plant Science 162:329-333). Haplotypes can be more informative than single SNPs and can be more descriptive of any particular genotype. For example, a single SNP may be allele ‘T’ for a specific line or variety with resistance to Fusarium ear mold, but the allele ‘T’ might also occur in the maize breeding population being utilized for recurrent parents. In this case, a haplotype, e.g. a combination of alleles at linked SNP markers, may be more informative. Once a unique haplotype has been assigned to a donor chromosomal region, that haplotype can be used in that population or any subset thereof to determine whether an individual has a particular gene. See, for example, WO2003054229. Using automated high throughput marker detection platforms known to those of ordinary skill in the art makes this process highly efficient and effective.

Many of the PHM markers can readily be used as FLP markers to select for the gene loci on chromosomes 3 and/or 4, owing to the presence of insertions/deletion polymorphisms. Primers for the PHM markers can also be used to convert these markers to SNP or other structurally similar or functionally equivalent markers (SSRs, CAPs, indels, etc), in the same regions. One very productive approach for SNP conversion is described by Rafalski (2002a) Current opinion in plant biology 5 (2): 94-100 and also Rafalski (2002b) Plant Science 162: 329-333. Using PCR, the primers are used to amplify DNA segments from individuals (preferably inbred) that represent the diversity in the population of interest. The PCR products are sequenced directly in one or both directions. The resulting sequences are aligned and polymorphisms are identified. The polymorphisms are not limited to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but also include indels, CAPS, SSRs, and VNTRs (variable number of tandem repeats). Specifically with respect to the fine map information described herein, one can readily use the information provided herein to obtain additional polymorphic SNPs (and other markers) within the region amplified by the primers listed in this disclosure. Markers within the described map region can be hybridized to BACs or other genomic libraries, or electronically aligned with genome sequences, to find new sequences in the same approximate location as the described markers.

In addition to SSR's, FLPs and SNPs, as described above, other types of molecular markers are also widely used, including but not limited to expressed sequence tags (ESTs), SSR markers derived from EST sequences, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and other nucleic acid based markers.

Isozyme profiles and linked morphological characteristics can, in some cases, also be indirectly used as markers. Even though they do not directly detect DNA differences, they are often influenced by specific genetic differences. However, markers that detect DNA variation are far more numerous and polymorphic than isozyme or morphological markers (Tanksley (1983) Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 1:3-8).

Sequence alignments or contigs may also be used to find sequences upstream or downstream of the specific markers listed herein. These new sequences, close to the markers described herein, are then used to discover and develop functionally equivalent markers. For example, different physical and/or genetic maps are aligned to locate equivalent markers not described within this disclosure but that are within similar regions. These maps may be within the maize species, or even across other species that have been genetically or physically aligned with maize, such as rice, wheat, barley or sorghum.

In general, MAS uses polymorphic markers that have been identified as having a significant likelihood of co-segregation with Fusarium ear mold resistance. Such markers are presumed to map near a gene or genes that give the plant its Fusarium ear mold resistance phenotype, and are considered indicators for the desired trait, and hence, are termed QTL markers. Plants are tested for the presence of a favorable allele in the QTL marker, and plants containing a desired genotype at one or more loci are expected to transfer the desired genotype, along with a desired phenotype, to their progeny. The means to identify maize plants that have enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold by identifying plants that have a specified allele at any one of marker loci described herein, including the chromosome 3 marker loci, PHM12969, PHM1695, PHM12209, PHM2204, PHM9905, PHM13926, PHM10091, and PHM18211, and the chromosome 4 marker loci, PHM2015, PHM10326, PHM497, PHM4483, PHM5273, PHM939, PHM10892, PHM9363, PHM18162, PHM9942, PHM5247, PHM3985, PHM6226, and PHM10262, are presented herein.

Furthermore, favorable alleles (i.e., associated with enhanced Fusarium ear mold) identified herein include: a “C” at PHM12209.11, a “T” at PHM12209.20, a “C” at PHM12209.21, a “G” at PHM12209.22, a “C” at PHM12209.23, an “A” at PHM9905.11, a “T” at PHM9905.13, a “G” at PHM9905.35, a “T” at PHM2204.88, an “A” at PHM2204.105, a “C” at PHM13926.25, a “G” at PHM13926.27, a “G” at PHM13926.28, a “G” at PHM13926.32, a “C” at PHM10892.3, a “G” at PHM939.47, and an “A” at PHM939.48.

The QTL intervals presented herein find use in MAS to select plants that demonstrate enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold. Similarly, the QTL intervals can also be used to counter-select plants that have are more susceptible to Fusarium ear mold. Any marker that maps within the QTL interval (including the termini of the intervals) can be used for this purpose. The chromosome 3 interval is defined by and includes PHM12969 and PHM18211, while the chromosome 4 interval is defined by and includes PHM10892 and PHM10262. Plants with desirable marker alleles within the chromosome 3 and/or chromosome 4 intervals can be selected. QTL markers that have the strongest associations with Fusarium ear mold resistance are particularly useful for marker-assisted selection.

Haplotypes can also be used in MAS to introduce enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold into susceptible maize lines or varieties. A chromosome 3 haplotype associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold can comprise at least one of the following: a “C” at PHM12209.11, a “T” at PHM12209.20, a “C” at PHM12209.21, a “G” at PHM12209.22, a “C” at PHM12209.23, an “A” at PHM9905.11, a “T” at PHM9905.13, a “G” at PHM9905.35, a “T” at PHM2204.88, an “A” at PHM2204.105, a “C” at PHM13926.25, a “G” at PHM13926.27, a “G” at PHM13926.28, and a “G” at PHM13926.32, or any other marker allele that is linked to and associated with any of the marker alleles identified herein as being associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold. A chromosome 4 haplotype associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold can comprise at least one of the following: a “C” at PHM10892.3, a “G” at PHM939.47, and an “A” at PHM939.48, or any other marker allele that is linked to and associated with any of the marker alleles identified herein as being associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.

Any allele that is in linkage disequilibrium with a haplotype comprising at least one of the following: a “C” at PHM12209.11, a “T” at PHM12209.20, a “C” at PHM12209.21, a “G” at PHM12209.22, a “C” at PHM12209.23, an “A” at PHM9905.11, a “T” at PHM9905.13, a “G” at PHM9905.35, a “T” at PHM2204.88, an “A” at PHM2204.105, a “C” at PHM13926.25, a “G” at PHM13926.27, a “G” at PHM13926.28, and a “G” at PHM13926.32, or a haplotype comprising at least one of the following: a “C” at PHM10892.3, a “G” at PHM939.47, and an “A” at PHM939.48 can also be used in MAS to select plants with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.

Maize Plants

The compositions and methods presented herein can be used to identify and/or select plants from the genus Zea (and more specifically, Zea mays L. ssp. Mays) that have enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold. The plants can be hybrids, inbreds, partial inbreds, or members of defined or undefined populations. They can be in any heterotic group, including, but not limited to, the stiff stalk and non stiff stalk groups.

Consequently, maize plants that are identified and/or selected by any of the methods presented herein are also a feature of the invention.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are offered to illustrate, but not to limit, the claimed invention. It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only, and persons skilled in the art will recognize various reagents or parameters that can be altered without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.

Example 1 QTL Detection: Association Mapping Analysis

An association mapping strategy was undertaken to identify markers associated with Fusarium ear mold resistance in maize. In this association analysis, a collection of 475 maize lines was analyzed by DNA sequencing at 4000-10000 genes (genetic loci). The lines encompassed elite germplasm, commercially released cultivars, and other public varieties.

Phenotypic scores were obtained using the FUSERS scale provided in FIG. 5. An average score for each line was assigned based on data accumulated over multiple locations and multiple years.

A structure-based association analysis was conducted using standard association mapping methods, where the population structure is controlled using marker data. The model-based cluster analysis software, Structure, developed by Pritchard et al., (Genetics 155:945-959 (2000)) was used with haplotype data for 880 elite maize inbreds at two hundred markers to estimate admixture coefficients and assign the inbreds to seven subpopulations. This reduces the occurrence of false positives that can arise due to the effect of population structure on association mapping statistics. Kuiper's statistic for testing whether two distributions are the same was used to test a given marker for association between haplotype and phenotype in a given subpopulation (Press et al., Numerical Recipes in C, second edition, Cambridge University Press, NY (2002)).

A peak of significant marker-trait associations was identified on chromosome 3 (FIG. 3) in a stiff stalk group. TABLE 1 provides a listing of the maize markers significantly associated with the Fusarium ear mold resistance phenotype at the p≦0.001 level, representing an interval of ˜4 cM on the internally derived genetic map. On the internally derived genetic map, this chromosomal interval is delineated by and includes markers PHM12969 at position 224.43 (p-value=1.4×10⁻⁴) and PHM1695 at position 228.76 (p-value=1.28×10⁻⁴). The most associated marker is PHM2204 at position 226.71 with a p-value of 2.05×10⁻⁶. Positions are given in cM, with position zero being the first (most distal from the centromere) marker known at the beginning of the chromosome. The map positions in TABLE 1 are not absolute and represent an estimate of map position based on the internally derived genetic map (PHB).

TABLE 1 Chromosome 3 markers significantly associated with Fusarium ear mold resistance at p ≦ 0.001 in the stiff stalk subpopulation group Relative map Marker position (cM) Reference Primer Name on PHB map P-Value Sequence Sequences PHM12969 224.43 1.40E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 1 NOs: 23-26 PHM2204 226.71 2.05E−06 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 2 NOs: 27-30 PHM9905 226.83 1.47E−05 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 3 NOs: 31-34 PHM12209 226.95 6.26E−05 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 4 NOs: 35-38 PHM13926 227.97 4.94E−06 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 5 NOs: 39-42 PHM10091 227.97 2.60E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 6 NOs: 43-46 PHM18211 228.29 8.20E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 7 NOs: 47-50 PHM1695 228.76 1.28E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 8 NOs: 51-54

A peak of significant marker-trait associations was also identified on chromosome 4 (FIG. 4) in the same stiff stalk group. TABLE 2 provides a listing of the maize markers significantly associated with the Fusarium ear mold resistance phenotype at the p≦0.001 level, representing an interval of ˜2 cM on the internally derived genetic map. On the internally derived genetic map, this chromosomal interval is delineated by and includes markers PHM939 at position 198.06 (p-value=7.00×10⁻⁵) and PHM10262 at position 201.25 (p-value=1.38×10⁻⁴). The most associated marker is PHM10892 at position 198.06 with a p-value of 4.44×10⁻⁷. Positions are given in cM, with position zero being the first (most distal from the centromere) marker known at the beginning of the chromosome. The map positions in TABLE 2 are not absolute and represent an estimate of map position based on the internally derived genetic map (PHB).

TABLE 2 Chromosome 4 markers significantly associated with Fusarium ear mold resistance at p ≦ 0.001 in the stiff stalk subpopulation group Relative map Marker position (cM) Reference Primer Name on PHB map P-Value Sequence Sequences PHM10892 198.06 4.44E−07 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 10 NOs: 59-62 PHM939 198.06 7.00E−05 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 9 NOs: 55-58 PHM5273 198.27 2.06E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 11 NOs: 63-66 PHM497 198.54 1.16E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 12 NOs: 67-70 PHM4483 199.67 1.00E−03 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 13 NOs: 71-74 PHM2015 199.72 3.12E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 14 NOs: 75-78 PHM10326 199.78 8.80E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 15 NOs: 79-82 PHM9363 199.78 5.20E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 16 NOs: 83-86 PHM18162 200.62 9.20E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 17 NOs: 87-90 PHM9942 200.88 2.96E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 18 NOs: 91-94 PHM5247 200.93 2.40E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 19 NOs: 95-98 PHM3985 201.06 1.78E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 20 NOs: 99-102 PHM6226 201.25 9.20E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 21 NOs: 103-106 PHM10262 201.25 1.38E−04 SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 22 NOs: 107-110

There were 145 lines assigned by the model-based cluster analysis software, Structure, to the stiff stalk subpopulation in which the QTLs for Fusarium ear mold resistance were detected.

Example 2 Physical Map Positions

The consensus sequences for each of the PHM markers were BLASTed to a database consisting of public corn sequenced BACs. TABLES 3 and 4 show the BACs for each marker that were identified as containing that marker, thereby delineating physical map regions where the QTLs are located.

TABLE 3 BAC hits for chromosome 3 PHM markers Marker Name BAC hits PHM12969 c0437d18, c0094g18, b0219j14 PHM1695 c0467n10 PHM12209 c0467n10, b0184d17 PHM2204 c0289f16, b0184d17 PHM9905 c0289f16, b0184d17 PHM13926 b0444e07 PHM10091 c0146b03, b0444e07 PHM18211 c0482d19, c0060e22

TABLE 4 BAC hits for chromosome 4 PHM markers Marker Name BAC hits PHM10892 b0269h08 PHM939 c0184j24 PHM5273 c0184j24 PHM497 c0516g10 PHM4483 c0239c09, c0215i19 PHM2015 b0185p07 PHM10326 b0194j21 PHM9363 b0408e05 PHM18162 c0067j19, b0408e05 PHM9942 c0197f23 PHM5247 c0510k02, c0112k06 PHM3985 c0483h18, b0200m05 PHM6226 c0237f22 PHM10262 c0237f22, c0069i21

Example 3 Haplotype Analysis for 113 Stiff Stalk Lines

In the association study in Example 2, the four most associated markers in the chromosome 3 region were PHM12209, PHM9905, PHM2204, and PHM13926. SNP polymorphisms that are associated with either a favorable or unfavorable Fusarium ear mold resistance phenotype can be identified, creating a haplotype that can be identified and selected for in plants. TABLE 5 shows the SNP polymorphisms at marker loci PHM12209, PHM9905, PHM2204, and PHM13926 that are associated with the favorable phenotype, or enhanced Fusarium ear mold resistance, and that can be used in haplotypic combinations to identify plants with enhanced Fusarium ear mold resistance.

TABLE 5 SNPs at Marker Loci PHM12209, PHM9905, PHM2204, and PHM13926 Genotypes High throughput selected for SNP marker favorable Polymorphism Position developed haplotype PHM12209.11 208 N/A c PHM12209.20 297 PHM12209-20-U t PHM12209.21 328 PHM12209-21-U c PHM12209.22 344 N/A g PHM12209.23 365 PHM12209-23-U c PHM9905.11 516 N/A a PHM9905.13 531 N/A t PHM9905.35 912 N/A g PHM2204.88 750 N/A t PHM2204.105 1166 N/A a PHM13926.25 309 N/A c PHM13926.27 315 N/A g PHM13926.28 336 N/A g PHM13926.32 360 N/A g

In the association study in Example 2, the two most associated markers in the chromosome 4 region were PHM10892 and PHM939, and the SNP markers used for haplotyping are shown in TABLE 6. TABLE 6 shows the SNP polymorphisms at marker loci PHM10892 and PHM939 that are associated with the favorable phenotype, or enhanced Fusarium ear mold resistance, and that can be used in haplotypic combinations to identify plants with enhanced Fusarium ear mold resistance.

TABLE 6 SNPs at Marker Loci PHM10892 and PHM939 Useful for Identifying Genotypes Associated with Enhanced Fusarium Ear Mold Resistance Genotypes selected High throughput for SNP marker favorable Polymorphism Position developed haplotype PHM10892.3 646 PHM10892-3-U c PHM939.47 373 N/A g PHM939.48 389 N/A a

PHM markers can be used to genotype the progeny via the sequencing of PCR products. SEQ ID NOs:23-110 represent the primers for each of the PHM marker loci listed in Tables 1 and 2. For PHM marker analysis, nested PCR reactions are performed, using the external and internal primers for each PHM marker. In the first PCR reaction, 0.90 μl of 10×PCR buffer, 0.18 μl of 10 mM dNTP mix, 0.27 μl of 50 mM MgCl₂, 1.50 μl of 2.5 μM external forward primer, 1.50 μl of 2.5 μM external reverse primer, 0.04 μl of Platinum Taq, 1.61 μl of ddH2O, and 3 μl of 1.5 ng/μl DNA are used. The thermocycling conditions constitute: 95° C. at 5 minutes; 94° C. for 20 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 2 minutes, repeated for 24 cycles; 72° C. for 10 minutes; and a hold at 4° C. The DNA produced from the first round of PCR is then diluted 1:9 with TE for use in the second round of PCR. The reaction mix for the second round of PCR is the same except the internal sets of primers are used, and the DNA is the diluted DNA from the first round of PCR. The thermocycling conditions for the second round of PCR constitute: 95° C. at 5 minutes; 94° C. for 20 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 2 minutes, repeated for 28 cycles; 72° C. for 10 minutes; and a hold at 4° C. The PCR products are then sequenced directly.

In addition, high throughput markers can be developed for useful polymorphisms. These markers will distinguish the parents from one another, preferably using a high throughput assay, and are used to genotype the segregating progeny plants. Production markers were developed, for example, from SNPs PHM12209.20, PHM12209-21, PHM12209-23, and PHM10892-3. These particular markers were designed for use with the Invader Plus high-throughput platform. The primer and probe sequences for these markers are shown in TABLE 7 and represent SEQ ID NOs:111-126.

TABLE 7 Marker information for high-throughput SNP markers Marker Primer Primer Allele Allele Probe Probe Name 1 2 1 2 1 2 PHM12209- SEQ ID NO: 111  SEQ ID NO: 112 C T SEQ ID NO: 113 SEQ ID NO: 114 20-U PHM12209- SEQ ID NO: 115 SEQ ID NO: 116 T C SEQ ID NO: 117 SEQ ID NO: 118 21-U PHM12209- SEQ ID NO: 119 SEQ ID NO: 120 T C SEQ ID NO: 121 SEQ ID NO: 122 23-U PHM10892- SEQ ID NO: 123 SEQ ID NO: 124 C T SEQ ID NO: 125 SEQ ID NO: 126 3-U

Out of 124 lines in the Stiff Stalk subpopulation, 113 had sufficient genotypic and phenotypic data to be analyzed further.

For the chromosome 3 QTL, forty seven lines had the favorable haplotype (i.e. all of the SNPs identified in Table 5) and an average FUSERS score of 5.1 (standard error=0.1), while sixty six lines had other haplotypes and an average score of 4.3 (standard error=0.2).

For the chromosome 4 QTL, twenty two lines had the favorable haplotype (i.e. all of the SNPs identified in Table 6) and an average FUSERS score of 5.5 (standard error=0.2). Ninety one lines had other haplotypes and an average FUSERS score of 4.4 (standard error=0.1).

Example 4 Validation within a Group of Stiff-Stalk Inbreds

A collection of 54 inbreds, differing in their haplotypes at the chromosome 3 (c3) and chromosome 4 (c4) marker-trait loci were evaluated for Fusarium ear mold resistance in 2006 in Kauai, Hi., where natural infection occurs. For each marker-trait locus, the inbreds were classified as having either a favorable or unfavorable haplotype based on actual genotyping of the entry or the direct progenitor inbreds. For the c3 marker-trait association, a favorable haplotype comprised an ‘A’ at PHM2204-97, while an unfavorable haplotype comprised a ‘G’ at the same locus.

For the c4 marker-trait association, a favorable haplotype comprised a ‘C’ at PHM10892-3, while an unfavorable haplotype comprised a ‘T’ at the same locus.

Inbreds were evaluated for ear mold reaction according to the FUSERS scoring scale shown on FIG. 5. There were three replicates in the experiment. Data were analyzed and least squares (LS) means were obtained using procGLM (SAS statistical package).

The mean ear mold score of inbreds carrying a favorable haplotype at the c3 locus did not differ significantly from the mean ear mold score of inbreds carrying an unfavorable haplotype. However inbreds carrying a favorable haplotype at the c4 locus scored, on average, significantly higher than inbreds carrying an unfavorable haplotype at the same locus. FUSERS LS means scores for each locus haplotype are shown on TABLE 8.

TABLE 8 FUSERS Least Squares Means Obtained in Kauai, HI in 2006 c3 c4 Unfavorable Favorable^(a) Unfavorable Favorable^(a) 5.7 ± 0.2 5.9 ± 0.2^(ns) 5.3 ± 0.1 6.3 ± 0.2*** ^(a)probability for the comparison of haplotypes within a marker trait locus ^(ns)not significant, ***significant at p < 0.001

Example 5 Validation within a Second Group of Stiff-Stalk Inbreds

A collection of stiff-stalk inbreds, with differing haplotypes at the c3 and c4 marker-trait association loci, were evaluated for Fusarium ear mold resistance in 2007 at two US locations (Cairo, Ga., and Woodland, Calif.) where natural infection occurs. For each marker-trait locus, the inbreds were classified as having either a favorable or unfavorable haplotype based on actual genotyping of the entry or the direct progenitor inbreds. For the c3 marker-trait association, a favorable haplotype comprised an ‘A’ at PHM2204-97 while an unfavorable haplotype comprised a ‘G’ at the same locus. For the c4 marker-trait association, a favorable haplotype comprised a ‘C’ at PHM10892-3 while an unfavorable haplotype comprised a ‘T’ at the same locus.

A phenotypic score for each entry was obtained by scoring all individual ears within a row using the FUSERS scale provided in FIG. 5 and calculating a total row score with the following formula:

FUSINDEX=[(1×number of ears with unfavorable phenotype)+(5×number of intermediate ears)+(9×number of ears with favorable phenotype)]/total number of ears

In 2007, disease pressure was light at the Cairo location and sufficient for effective scoring at the Woodland site. Phenotypic scores were obtained for 43 inbreds at Cairo and 45 inbreds at Woodland, with 32 of these inbreds being evaluated at both locations. There were three replicates in Cairo and six in Woodland. The statistical package ASRemI was used to analyze data and obtained predicted mean FUSERS scores.

Across locations, the average FUSINDEX score of inbreds having the favorable haplotype at c3 was significantly higher than the average FUSINDEX score of inbreds carrying the unfavorable haplotype. This difference in average scores was also highly significant at the individual Woodland location.

Across locations, the average FUSINDEX score of inbreds having the favorable haplotype at c4 was significantly higher than the average FUSINDEX score of inbreds carrying the unfavorable haplotype. This difference in average scores was also significant at the Cairo location and highly significant at the Woodland location.

The interaction effect of both loci was not significant, indicating the loci displayed additive effects on the phenotype. Predicted mean FUSINDEX scores for each haplotype class at each marker locus association are shown in TABLE 9. Predicted mean FUSINDEX scores for each c3/c4 combined haplotype class are shown in TABLE 10.

TABLE 9 Predicted Mean FUSINDEX Scores Obtained in 2007 for the Haplotype Classes at each Marker-Trait Locus c3 c4 Location Unfavorable Favorable^(a) Unfavorable Favorable^(a) Cairo, GA 6.7 ± 0.2 6.9 ± 0.2^(ns) 6.4 ± 0.2 7.2 ± 0.3* Woodland, CA 4.7 ± 0.2 5.4 ± 0.2*** 4.6 ± 0.2 5.5 ± 0.2*** Across both 5.6 ± 0.2 6.1 ± 0.2*** 5.4 ± 0.2 6.3 ± 0.2* ^(a)probability for the comparison of haplotypes within a marker trait locus ^(ns)not significant, *significant at p < 0.05, ***significant at p < 0.001

TABLE 10 Predicted Mean FUSINDEX Scores Obtained in 2007 for the Four Combined Haplotype Classes. c3/c4 combined haplotypes Unfavorable/ Unfavorable/ Favorable/ Favorable/ Location Unfavorable Favorable Unfavorable Favorable Cairo, GA 6.3 ± 0.2 7.1 ± 0.3 6.5 ± 0.2 7.3 ± 0.3 Woodland, CA 4.2 ± 0.2 5.2 ± 0.3 4.9 ± 0.2 5.9 ± 0.2 Across both 5.1 ± 0.2 6.0 ± 0.2 5.6 ± 0.2 6.5 ± 0.2 

1. A method of selecting a maize plant with enhanced Fusarium ear mold resistance comprising: a. detecting in the maize plant a first marker allele that is linked to and associated with a second marker allele selected from the group consisting of: i. a “C” at PHM12209.11, ii. a “T” at PHM12209.20, iii. a “C” at PHM12209.21, iv. a “G” at PHM12209.22, v. a “C” at PHM12209.23, vi. an “A” at PHM9905.11, vii. a “T” at PHM9905.13, viii. a “G” at PHM9905.35, ix. a “T” at PHM2204.88, x. an “A” at PHM2204.105, xi. a “C” at PHM13926.25, xii. a “G” at PHM13926.27, xiii. a “G” at PHM13926.28, xiv. a “G” at PHM13926.32, xv. a “C” at PHM10892.3, xvi. a “G” at PHM939.47, xvii. and an “A” at PHM939.48; and b. selecting said maize plant that has the first marker allele.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first marker allele is linked to the second marker allele by 20 cM based on a single meiosis map.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first marker allele is linked to the second marker allele by 1 cM based on a single meiosis map.
 4. A method of selecting a maize plant with enhanced Fusarium ear mold resistance comprising: a. detecting in the maize plant at least one marker allele selected from the group consisting of: i. a “C” at PHM12209.11, ii. a “T” at PHM12209.20, iii. a “C” at PHM12209.21, iv. a “G” at PHM12209.22, v. a “C” at PHM12209.23, vi. an “A” at PHM9905.11, vii. a “T” at PHM9905.13, viii. a “G” at PHM9905.35, ix. a “T” at PHM2204.88, x. an “A” at PHM2204.105, xi. a “C” at PHM13926.25, xii. a “G” at PHM13926.27, xiii. a “G” at PHM13926.28, xiv. a “G” at PHM13926.32, xv. a “C” at PHM10892.3, xvi. a “G” at PHM939.47, xvii. and an “A” at PHM939.48; and b. selecting said maize plant that has the at least one marker allele.
 5. A method of identifying a maize plant with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold, the method comprising: a. detecting in the maize plant a marker locus wherein: i. a marker probe comprising all or a portion of the marker locus, or complement thereof, hybridizes under stringent conditions to the contiguous DNA between and including SEQ ID NO:1, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, and SEQ ID NO:7, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:7 based on the Clustal V method of alignment; and ii. said marker locus comprises at least one allele that is associated with the enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold; and b. identifying said maize plant that has the at least one allele associated with the enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.
 6. A method of selecting a maize plant with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold, the method comprising: a. identifying a first maize plant that has at least one allele of a marker locus wherein: i. a marker probe comprising all or a portion of the marker locus, or complement thereof, hybridizes under stringent conditions to the contiguous DNA between and including SEQ ID NO:1, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, and SEQ ID NO:7, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:7 based on the Clustal V method of alignment; and ii. said marker locus comprises at least one allele that is associated with the enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold; and b. crossing said first maize plant to a second maize plant; c. evaluating progeny plants for the at least one allele of the first maize plant; and d. selecting the progeny plants that possess the at least one allele of the first maize plant.
 7. A method of identifying a maize plant with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold, the method comprising: a. detecting in the maize plant a marker locus wherein: i. a marker probe comprising all or a portion of the marker locus, or complement thereof, hybridizes under stringent conditions to the contiguous DNA between and including SEQ ID NO:10, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:10 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, and SEQ ID NO:22, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:22 based on the Clustal V method of alignment; and ii. said marker locus comprises at least one allele that is associated with the enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold; and b. identifying said maize plant that has the at least one allele associated with the enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.
 8. A method of selecting a maize plant with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold, the method comprising: a. identifying a first maize plant that has at least one allele of a marker locus wherein: i. a marker probe comprising all or a portion of the marker locus, or complement thereof, hybridizes under stringent conditions to the contiguous DNA between and including SEQ ID NO:10, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:10 based on the Clustal V method of alignment, and SEQ ID NO:22, or a nucleotide sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:22 based on the Clustal V method of alignment; and ii. said marker locus comprises at least one allele that is associated with the enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold; and b. crossing said first maize plant to a second maize plant; c. evaluating progeny plants for the at least one allele of the first maize plant; and d. selecting the progeny plants that possess the at least one allele of the first maize plant.
 9. A method of identifying a maize plant with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold, the method comprising: a. detecting in the maize plant at least one allele of a marker locus wherein: i. the marker locus is located within a chromosomal interval comprising and flanked by PHM12969 and PHM18211; and ii. the at least one allele is associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold; and b. identifying the maize plant that has the at least one allele associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.
 10. A method of selecting a maize plant with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold, the method comprising: a. identifying a first maize plant that has at least one allele of a marker locus wherein: i. the marker locus is located within a chromosomal interval comprising and flanked by PHM12969 and PHM18211; and ii. the at least one allele is associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold; b. crossing said first maize plant to a second maize plant; c. evaluating progeny plants for the at least one allele of the first maize plant; and d. selecting the progeny plants that possess the at least one allele of the first maize plant.
 11. A method of identifying a maize plant with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold, the method comprising: a. detecting in the maize plant at least one allele of a marker locus wherein: i. the marker locus is located within a chromosomal interval comprising and flanked by PHM10892 and PHM10262; and ii. the at least one allele is associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold; and b. identifying the maize plant that has the at least one allele associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold.
 12. A method of selecting a maize plant with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold, the method comprising: a. identifying a first maize plant that has at least one allele of a marker locus wherein: i. the marker locus is located within a chromosomal interval comprising and flanked by PHM10892 and PHM10262; and ii. the at least one allele is associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium ear mold; b. crossing said first maize plant to a second maize plant; c. evaluating progeny plants for the at least one allele of the first maize plant; and d. selecting the progeny plants that possess the at least one allele of the first maize plant.
 13. A maize plant identified by any of the methods of claims 5, 7, 9, 14, and
 11. 14. A maize plant selected by any of the methods of claims 1-4, 6, 8, 10, and
 12. 